REFECT unlike ECHO

Echo as a layman will define, "is when you are in an empty room and you shout to the room and the room shout back to you." also a layman will define

Reflect as "when you stand in front of a mirror and the mirror draw your complete self just the way you are.

Interesting to get the layman view of both definition but let see what echo and reflect truly is:

Echo or echoes is a reflection of sound, getting to  the listener some time after the direct sound. Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room and an empty room. A true echo is a single reflection of the sound source. The time delay is the extra distance divided by the speed of sound. 

Reflect or reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar.  n geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light.

Doers Not Hearers

For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a mirror: James 1:23.
Many a time we listen to the word of God and promise to live by what we have heard but it so tough on us when we go out of the presence of the most high to uphold the word of God. Naturally we behold our face in a glass but out we go and we forget how we look.
Reading from verse 1 your will see the chapter was written to the 12 tribe of Israel of which you and i are part of it irrespective of where we are and who we are the only thing expected of us is to believe, go through the chapter and you will see that it is profiting for believer even in times of trials, you will see all man alike and will want to help the poor and you will love God more in times of trials, your quality of life in times of trials will be great and you will not only be the hearer of the word but the doers of the word.

 

James, a bondservant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, To the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad: Greetings.

Profiting from Trials 

My brethren, count it all joy when you fall into various trials, knowing that the testing of your faith produces patience. But let patience have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking nothing. If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach, and it will be given to him. But let him ask in faith, with no doubting, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea driven and tossed by the wind. For let not that man suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord;  he is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways.

The Perspective of Rich and Poor 

Let the lowly brother glory in his exaltation, but the rich in his humiliation, because as a flower of the field he will pass away. For no sooner has the sun risen with a burning heat than it withers the grass; its flower falls, and its beautiful appearance perishes. So the rich man also will fade away in his pursuits.

Loving God Under Trials 

Blessed is the man who endures temptation; for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life which the Lord has promised to those who love Him. Let no one say when he is tempted, “I am tempted by God”; for God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He Himself tempt anyone. But each one is tempted when he is drawn away by his own desires and enticed. Then, when desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, brings forth death. 

Do not be deceived, my beloved brethren. Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and comes down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation or shadow of turning. Of His own will He brought us forth by the word of truth, that we might be a kind of firstfruits of His creatures.

Qualities Needed in Trials 

So then, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath; for the wrath of man does not produce the righteousness of God.

Doers—Not Hearers Only 

Therefore lay aside all filthiness and overflow of wickedness, and receive with meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls. 

But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves. For if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like a man observing his natural face in a mirror; for he observes himself, goes away, and immediately forgets what kind of man he was. But he who looks into the perfect law of liberty and continues in it, and is not a forgetful hearer but a doer of the work, this one will be blessed in what he does. 

If anyone among you thinks he is religious, and does not bridle his tongue but deceives his own heart, this one’s religion is useless. Pure and undefiled religion before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their trouble, and to keep oneself unspotted from the world.

Reflect Wealth in Investing

The world is  looking for breakthrough and we want something to back us up in our financial dealing, but we don't want to lead the way for others to follow all we want to do is to follow other who has lead the way. The true form of wealth is not working for somebody nor starting your own small business whereby you alone control the services that you operate in. The only way to make big money is by creating a business where you can employ at least five hundred (500) person to work for/with you, remember the bible say in Amos 3:3 when ask the question, "How can two walk together except they be agreed?" Matthew 18:19 states. "If two of you shall agree on earth as touching any thing that they shall ask, it shall be done for them..."  Deuteronomy 32:30 declares, " One can chase a thousand, and two can put ten thousand to flight."

So imagine your company of 500 person and how much you will be making. Chose to leave a wealthy life because its your own decision to make and nobody else to decide for you. The world is facing crises and you alone can chose to get the best in this worst time we have been. Should you want to take the future in your hand please reflect on this word and go through the link below to invest for your future.

I have started to and will seek for more investment to stick to and increase my wealth. Proverb 13:22 ^"A good man leaveth an inheritance to his children's children: and the wealth of the sinner is laid up for the just." and Deut. 8:16 "Who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that he might humble thee, and that he might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end;" Matt. 5:5 "Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth."

God has reserved money and the wealth of the sinner for His harvest in the last days. Money has a mission and it is crying out to be in the hands of the righteous and not the wicked. This end time transfer of wealth into the Body of Christ has already started. As we understand what God has promised in His Word to the harvesting generation and  begin to believe Him both individually and corporately for our part in this transfer, this wealth will increasingly find and overtake us for we know its purpose: to establish God's Covenant in the earth 

Take a step if you have not started with this link below. God will increase your finance in Jesus name.

All you have to do with this link below is just to invest as low as $50 and see the result in a week time you don't have to do any work, no selling nor buying the company will do every thing for you. for more equerry

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Dr. Okoro C.(Colon cancer)

Definition

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Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last several inches of the colon. Together, they're often referred to as colorectal cancers.

Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become colon cancers.

Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to help prevent colon cancer by identifying polyps before they become colon cancer.

Symptoms

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Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include:

• A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool
• Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
• Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain
• A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
• Weakness or fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss

Many people with colon cancer experience no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. When symptoms appear, they'll likely vary, depending on the cancer's size and location in your large intestine.

Causes

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Precancerous growths in the colon
Colon cancer most often begins as clumps of precancerous cells (polyps) on the inside lining of the colon. Polyps can appear mushroom-shaped. Precancerous growths can also be flat or recessed into the wall of the colon (nonpolypoid lesions). Removing polyps and nonpolypoid lesions before they become cancerous can prevent colon cancer.

Inherited gene mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer
Inherited gene mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer can be passed through families, but these inherited genes are linked to only a small percentage of colon cancers. Inherited gene mutations don't make cancer inevitable, but they can increase an individual's risk of cancer significantly. Inherited colon cancer syndromes include:

• Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and rectum. People with untreated FAP have a greatly increased risk of developing colon cancer before age 40.
• Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). HNPCC, also called Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers. People with HNPCC tend to develop colon cancer before age 50.

Risk factors

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Factors that may increase your risk of colon cancer include:

• Older age. About 90 percent of people diagnosed with colon cancer are older than 50. Colon cancer can occur in younger people, but it occurs much less frequently.
• African-American race. African-Americans have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
• A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. If you've already had colon cancer or adenomatous polyps, you have a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.
• Inflammatory intestinal conditions. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease can increase your risk of colon cancer.
• Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk. Genetic syndromes passed through generations of your family can increase your risk of colon cancer. These syndromes include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, which is also known as Lynch syndrome.
• Family history of colon cancer and colon polyps. You're more likely to develop colon cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with the disease. If more than one family member has colon cancer or rectal cancer, your risk is even greater. In some cases, this connection may not be hereditary or genetic. Instead, cancers within the same family may result from shared exposure to an environmental carcinogen or from diet or lifestyle factors.
• Low-fiber, high-fat diet. Colon cancer and rectal cancer may be associated with a diet low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat diets high in red meat.
• A sedentary lifestyle. If you're inactive, you're more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of colon cancer.
• Diabetes. People with diabetes and insulin resistance may have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Obesity. People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer and an increased risk of dying of colon cancer when compared with people considered normal weight.
• Smoking. People who smoke cigarettes may have an increased risk of colon cancer.
• Alcohol. Heavy use of alcohol may increase your risk of colon cancer.
• Radiation therapy for cancer. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colon cancer.

Tests and diagnosis

• Blood tests. Blood tests may include a complete blood count and organ-function tests.
• Using a scope to examine the inside of your colon. Colonoscopy uses a long, flexible and slender tube attached to a video camera and monitor to view your entire colon and rectum. If any suspicious areas are found, your doctor can pass surgical tools through the tube to take tissue samples (biopsies) for analysis.
• Using dye and X-rays to make a picture of your colon. A barium enema allows your doctor to evaluate your entire colon with an X-ray. Barium, a contrast dye, is placed into your bowel in an enema form. During a double-contrast barium enema, air also is added. The barium fills and coats the lining of the bowel, creating a clear silhouette of your rectum, colon and sometimes a small portion of your small intestine.
• Using multiple CT images to create a picture of your colon. Virtual colonoscopy combines multiple computerized tomography (CT) images to create a detailed picture of the inside of your colon. If you're unable to undergo colonoscopy, your doctor may recommend virtual colonoscopy.

Staging colon cancer
Staging tests may include imaging procedures such as abdominal and chest CT scans. In many cases, the stage of your cancer may not be determined until after colon cancer surgery.

The stages of colon cancer are:

• Stage I. Your cancer has grown through the superficial lining (mucosa) of the colon or rectum but hasn't spread beyond the colon wall or rectum.
• Stage II. Your cancer has grown into or through the wall of the colon or rectum but hasn't spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• Stage III. Your cancer has invaded nearby lymph nodes but isn't affecting other parts of your body yet.
• Stage IV. Your cancer has spread to distant sites, such as other organs — for instance to your liver or lung.

Treatments and drugs

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The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend largely on the stage of your cancer. The three primary treatment options are: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Surgery for early-stage colon cancer
If your cancer is small, localized in a polyp and in a very early stage, your doctor may be able to remove it completely during a colonoscopy. If the pathologist determines that the cancer in the polyp doesn't involve the base — where the polyp is attached to the bowel wall — then there's a good chance that the cancer has been completely eliminated.

Some larger polyps may be removed using laparoscopic surgery. In this procedure, your surgeon performs the operation through several small incisions in your abdominal wall, inserting instruments with attached cameras that display your colon on a video monitor. The surgeon may also take samples from lymph nodes in the area where the cancer is located.

Surgery for invasive colon cancer
If your colon cancer has grown into or through your colon, your surgeon may recommend a partial colectomy to remove the part of your colon that contains the cancer, along with a margin of normal tissue on either side of the cancer. Nearby lymph nodes are usually also removed and tested for cancer.

Your surgeon is often able to reconnect the healthy portions of your colon or rectum. But when that's not possible, for instance if the cancer is at the outlet of your rectum, you may need to have a permanent or temporary colostomy. This involves creating an opening in the wall of your abdomen from a portion of the remaining bowel for the elimination of body waste into a special bag. Sometimes the colostomy is only temporary, allowing your colon or rectum time to heal after surgery. In some cases, however, the colostomy may be permanent.

Surgery for advanced cancer
If your cancer is very advanced or your overall health very poor, your surgeon may recommend an operation to relieve a blockage of your colon or other conditions in order to improve your symptoms. This surgery isn't done to cure cancer, but instead to relieve signs and symptoms, such as bleeding and pain.

In specific cases where the cancer has spread only to the liver and if your overall health is otherwise good, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the cancerous lesion from your liver. Chemotherapy may be used before or after this type of surgery. This treatment may improve your prognosis.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be used to destroy cancer cells after surgery, to control tumor growth or to relieve symptoms of colon cancer. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy if your cancer has spread beyond the wall of the colon or if your cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. In people with rectal cancer, chemotherapy is typically used along with radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses powerful energy sources, such as X-rays, to kill any cancer cells that might remain after surgery, to shrink large tumors before an operation so that they can be removed more easily, or to relieve symptoms of colon cancer and rectal cancer.

Radiation therapy is rarely used in early-stage colon cancer, but is a routine part of treating rectal cancer, especially if the cancer has penetrated through the wall of the rectum or traveled to nearby lymph nodes. Radiation therapy, usually combined with chemotherapy, may be used after surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer may recur in the area of the rectum where it began.

Prevention

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Get screened for colon cancer
People with an average risk of colon cancer can consider screening beginning at age 50. But people with an increased risk, such as those with a family history of colon cancer, should consider screening sooner. African-Americans and American Indians may begin colon cancer screening at age 45.

Several screening options exist — each with its own benefits and drawbacks. Talk about your options with your doctor, and together you can decide which tests are appropriate for you. Options may include:

• Annual fecal occult blood testing
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years
• Colonoscopy every 10 years
• Virtual colonoscopy (CT colonography) every five years
• Stool DNA testing — though this is a new screening approach and it's not clear how often it should be repeated

More frequent or earlier screening may be recommended if you're at increased risk of colon cancer. Discuss the benefits and risks of each screening option with your doctor. You may decide one or more tests are appropriate for you.

Make lifestyle changes to reduce your risk
You can take steps to reduce your risk of colon cancer by making changes in your everyday life. Take steps to:

• Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, which may play a role in cancer prevention. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables so that you get an array of vitamins and nutrients.
• Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink to no more than one drink a day for women and two for men.
• Stop smoking. Talk to your doctor about ways to quit that may work for you.
• Exercise most days of the week. Try to get at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days.
• Maintain a healthy weight. If you have a healthy weight, work to maintain your weight by combining a healthy diet with daily exercise.

Colon cancer prevention for people with a high risk

• Aspirin. Some evidence links a reduced risk of polyps and colon cancer to regular aspirin use. However, studies of low-dose aspirin or short-term use of aspirin haven't found this to be true. It's likely that you may be able to reduce your risk of colon cancer by taking large doses of aspirin over a long period of time. But using aspirin in this way carries a risk of side effects, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers.
• Other pain relievers. Other pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) and naproxen (Aleve, others), have also been studied as a way to prevent colon cancer. Some studies have found these other pain relievers may reduce the risk of precancerous polyps and colon cancer. But side effects include ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. Some of these other pain relievers have been linked to an increased risk of heart problems.
• Celecoxib (Celebrex). Celecoxib and other drugs known as COX-2 inhibitors provide pain relief. Some evidence suggests COX-2 drugs can reduce the risk of precancerous polyps in people who've been diagnosed with these polyps in the past. But COX-2 drugs carry a risk of heart problems, including heart attack. Two COX-2 inhibitor drugs were removed from the market because of these risks.
• Surgery to prevent cancer. In cases of rare, inherited syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis, or inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis, your doctor may recommend removal of your entire colon and rectum in order to prevent cancer from occurring.

Dr. Okoro Chinyere

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that begins from cells in the breast, there are several types of breast cancer and can develop in any part of the breast most commonly the inner lining of the breast or the lobules.

Breast cancer occurs in human and mammals majority of human cases are women and can rarely develop in men as well.

World wide breast cancer account for 22.9% of all cancer in women, 100 times more in women than men.

Prognosis and survival rates vary greatly depending on the cancer type, stage, treatment and geographical location of the patient. Survival rates are much poorer in the developing countries.

Early detection and treatment is very important and have helped to improve quality of life and reduce the number of breast cancer related death.

CAUSE

The exact cause of breast cancer is still unknown although researchers are working round the clock to unravel the medical mystery.

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS.

The most common symptoms is a lump which may be hard/firm usually painless with irregular borders in the breast. Other likely signs which may send a red flag are:

Inverted nipple

 Peeling, scaling or flaking of the nipple or breast skin

 Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast, like the skin of an orange

Change in the size or shape of a breast

Swelling beneath the armpit,

Bloody discharge from the nipple,

Rash on or around nipple,

 A nipple changing position,

 And skin dimpling.

Breast cancer may present as metastatic (i.e spread of cancer to other part of the body) disease depending on the site of metastasis, weight loss, fever, joint pain, bone pain.

Risk Factors

Although the causes of cancer are still under research, medical scientists have identified a number of factors which may increase the chances of a woman experiencing breast cancer. These include:

·        Majority over the age of 50

·        Family history of breast cancer

·        ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE/Hormone replacement therapy

·        Exposure to radiation

·        Early menstruation: before age 12

·        Late menopause: after age 55

·        Increase alcohol intake

·        Smoking

·        Obesity

·        Lack of Child bearing /breast feeding

·        Genes - there are two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 that greatly increase the risk.

DIAGNOSIS

Breast cancer can be diagnosed by:

·        Physician and self examination of the breast.

·        Mammography (i.e process of using low energy x-ray to examine the human breast and is used as diagnostic and screening tool.)

·        Ultrasound testing (i.e using sound waves to examine the breast.)

·        Biopsy (i.e it is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease.)

MANAGEMENT

Management of breast cancer depends on types of cancer and if stages (they are usually in stages 0 to stage 4) treatment options include

·        Local treatment.

·        Systemic treatment

·        Adjuvant therapy

·        Neo-adjuvant

1.     Local treatment: treat the tumour without affecting the rest of the body which include:- Surgery and Radiation therapy,

Standard surgery include: Lumpectomy, mastectomy which can be simple, partial or radical mastectomy.

2.     Systemic treatment: Using medications or cancer fighting drugs to treat to treat cancer which include chemotherapy, hormone and immunotherapy.

3.     Adjuvant therapy- Drugs used after and in addition to surgery.

4.     Neo-adjuvant: giving chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumour.

The goal of treatment for stage 0 to III is to treat cancer cells and prevent it from spreading. Stage IV is aim at preventing symptoms and Improve quality of life.

Prevention of breast cancer:

Some types of breast cancer are treatment if detected early guideline for breast cancer screening includes.

·        Yearly mammograms for women over the age of 40.

·        Clinical breast cancer exams by a health expert every three years for women in their 20’s and 30’s and yearly for women over the age of 40.

·        Self breast-examination beginning in their 20’s.

WAYS TO REDUCE RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER.

Risk factors may increase your likelihood of developing breast cancer, although some people that develop breast cancer breast do not have any risk factors. However the chances of developing breast cancer increases with the more risk factors you have.

REDUCING RISK FACTORS FOR BEAST CANCER INCLUDES:

·        Limiting alcohol intake

·        Quit smoking

·        Maintaining an appropriate weight

·        Exercising regularly

·        Limiting dose and duration of hormone therapy

·        Breast feeding your children

·        Avoiding exposure to radiation and environmental pollution.

Support for breast cancer awareness amongst the citizenry and research funding by the public will also help improve the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in our society.

Chinyere Okoro (Dr)

MBBS, IB